7.01.2008

Reflection: Critical Literacy Finds a "Place": Writing and Social Action in a Low-Income Australian Grade 2/3 Classroom

I was inspired by the progress of the second and third graders in Marg Wells' classroom.  I think it's really important to remember that to ignore a problematic, normalized way of thinking only serves to continue the marginalization of those who have already been oppressed within society.  I loved how Wells initated her literacy and social power unit simply by asking students to draw or write about:
  • the best things in their lives
  • what made them happy, anxious, or angry
  • their three wishes
  • what they might change about their community if they could
  • whether or not they felt they had the power to make a difference
This article is helping me formulate a plan for building social awareness within my classroom.  Throughout the last few weeks, I've been trying to piece together a plan for bringing social action into the classroom.  I think it's important to remember that we need to teach students that they have issues that are hiding in their lives, and this is a tangible way for them to access those issues.  I love the way Wells designed her unit 'on the fly,' uniting her students for one universal cause.  Her students were acquiring knowledge, rather than just receiving it; they were invested within a meaningful, interdisciplinary, real-world learning experience.

This is my plan of action:
  • Ask my students to express their worries.
  • Identify a thematic concern across the class.
  • Provide practical resources for authentic research.
  • Discuss the class findings and the implications for further study.
  • Ask questions; then ask broader questions (move from personal to communal, to global issues).
  • Collect more information, exploring all avenues of social action reform
  • Ask, "Who has power?  Who is silenced?  How does this affect US?"
  • Critically analyze collected data
  • Brainstorm alternative solutions
  • Present solutions to those within the position of power.  
References:
Comber, B. & Thomson, M.  Critical Literacy Finds a "Place":  Writing and Social Action in a Low-Income Australian Grade 2/3 Classroom.  The Elementary School Journal, University Press of Chicago 2001.

25 Read Alouds to Scaffold Critical Literacy

I want to teach my students that any text; print or non-print, can be read with a critical eye.  The following books lend themselves particularly to this goal. For example, The Great Kapok Tree clearly presents Lynne Cherry's perspective on saving the Rainforests, so this may be a good option to use in lessons or small group work with students who are struggling in grasping the concept of reading with an eye for perspective and social issues.   The following list covers a range of perspectives regarding race, class, gender, family, friendship, homelessness, nationalism, animal rights, and environmental issues, among others. 

  1. My Name is Maria Isabel.....Alma Flor Ada
  2. Home of the Brave................Katherine Applegate
  3. Blubber...................................Judy Blume
  4. Freckle Juice.........................Judy Blume
  5. The Wall............................... .Eve Bunting
  6. Your Move.............................Eve Bunting
  7. The Great Kapok Tree.........Lynne Cherry
  8. The Story of Ruby Bridges..Robert Coles
  9. Heartbeat..............................Sharon Creech
  10. Love That Dog......................Sharon Creech
  11. Because of Winn-Dixie........Kate DiCamillo
  12. The Tiger Rising...................Kate DiCamillo
  13. Coraline..................................Neil Gaiman
  14. Just Juice...............................Karen Hesse
  15. Hoot........................................Carl Hiassen
  16. The Giver................................Lois Lowry
  17. Edward's Eyes........................Patricia MacLachlan
  18. Sarah, Plain and Tall.............Patricia MacLachlan
  19. Chicken Sunday.....................Patricia Polacco
  20. Becoming Naomi Leon.........Pam Munoz Ryan
  21. Every Living Thing................Cynthia Rylant
  22. Maniac Magee.................... ....Jerry Spinelli
  23. The Wretched Stone..............Chris Van Allsburg
  24. Little House on the Prairie...Laura Ingalls Wilder
  25. Freedom Summer.................Deborah Wiles

The Good Girl: A Critical Examination of My Own Writing

“Your daughter is so well-behaved.” That’s what people tell my mom. Teachers, babysitters, friends, family members… everyone notices how good I am. I’ve always been the reliable kid; the one that does exactly what she is told to do. But the truth is that in my life, I’ve just always been too good.

Like last week, when I didn’t want to bother the teacher by tattling on Brian Hartley for pinching my arm at recess- even though it left a purple bruise. Or how I don’t want to hurt my grandpa’s feelings by complaining that he buys the wrong kind of peanut butter. My best friend, Becky, ALWAYS bosses me around, but I would never think to tell her off. I was even too good to cry when Mom said we had to give Woofer away, because, “This is now a single-parent household and there’s no time for a dog.” What people never tell you is that sometimes, being good is the pits.

So today, as I sat in the back of Mrs. Friedman’s class, it occurred to me that maybe it doesn’t always pay to be so good.
Gazing around the room, I rested my chin in my hand. I looked up towards the front row of desks, where the bad kids sit. James was twisting a paper clip into a tiny sculpture, hands hidden inside his enormous desk. Mrs. Friedman perched by the blackboard correcting homework: a great eagle guarding over her nest of second graders. I listened to the gentle click of the minute hand on our classroom clock, as dusty October sunlight streamed in through the windows. Becky sighed, to my left. School is boring.

Allison pretended to work on addition and subtraction word problems as she urgently whispered my name. “Abby! Hey, Abby! Look what I’ve got!” I looked towards my right. Dramatically opening her palm, she revealed what she clearly thought to be The World’s Greatest Treasure. “My mom got me this!” She stared down at a rectangular object, her eyelashes creating tiny shadows at the tops of her cheeks. Rooted to my seat, I inspected what seemed to be the largest crayon I had ever seen. It was a thick block of multi-colored wax: perfectly formed for an eight-year old’s fingers.

I imagined what it might be like to draw with it. Mom dropped me off at the YMCA daycare before school each morning, and usually, I was the first kid there. We’d wait outside in her blue Toyota for the building’s lights to come on while it was still dark, getting there early enough so that she could drive to the East Norwalk train station and catch the 7:07 train to Grand Central. What this meant for me, is that I’d be dumped off into a room that smelled of sour milk and graham crackers, with nothing to do but compose pictures and designs on my sketchpad.

I sucked in my breath and dreamed of using this crayon to create the most beautiful arcs and lines: red-orange-green-purple-blue, with one fell swoop. I imagined the pictures that I could send to Dad: rainbow houses, rainbow people, rainbow hearts. “Can I hold it?” Allison shook her head, smugly. No. Becky looked at me. “That’s selfish. You should share,” she quietly scolded. I nodded in agreement. Becky always knew the right thing to say. I watched as she settled back into her seat and crossed her ankles, in way that only she could pull off: showing both pity and disgust for all of us around her. “I said no!” Allison said, more loudly. I looked towards Mrs. Friedman. She sat in a shabby brown chair, red correcting pen in hand. “Allison! If you’re talking so much, you must be finished. Come up here and bring me the work that you’ve done.” Allison lovingly put the crayon away. I watched as she set it inside of her desk. It was on top of a blue spelling workbook, like an island of wax. She gave it one last glance and shuffled up to the teacher’s big metal desk. “No, no… weren’t you listening? When you subtract across zeroes… “

I tried to get back to my word problems.
Michael has 16 baseball cards. Ellen collected 8 baseball cards. How many cards to they have all together?
Visions of the crayon danced before my eyes. I imagined yards and yards of blank white paper. I saw our refrigerator at home, littered with the glorious artwork that could only be created with this one, perfect instrument. I crossed my arms and stared past my desk. Why should Allison be so lucky? What did she need it for? She doesn’t even draw that well. It isn’t fair.
I sighed, thinking about how after school, I’d have to sit in that smelly daycare room with nothing to do but draw. Allison could go home and do whatever she wanted.

Becky’s freckled nose pointed downwards as she diligently worked on her math. Allison’s seat was still empty. The crayon sat in plain view. It gleamed. I’ve never stolen anything before. My heartbeat quickened with just the thought of what I could possibly do. My head bent over a still-unfinished worksheet, I looked up furtively to see if anyone was watching. Becky was right: Allison was selfish indeed. And I was finished with being so good.
I flexed my fingers, and suddenly, I wasn’t afraid. My hand flew inside Allison’s desk. I closed my fingers around the crayon. It felt tacky, still warm from its true owner’s hand. I pulled my arm back to my body. It moved as if underwater, slowly. I stared at the foreign wrist, the forearm. I felt like I was watching myself from miles away. I stared down at the crayon- in another person’s fist, not mine. But it was in my hand, and for one moment, I felt an exhilarated sense of freedom. I’d done something I never thought I could. I stole it. Me! I had wanted something, so I’d taken it, plain and simple, and now, I’d be forever changed.

After what felt like hours, Allison returned. I pretended to be busy with my math problems as I watched her through my eyelashes. She looked inside her desk, and I waited. A beat. Two beats... She didn’t say, “Where’s my crayon?” She didn’t shout, “Somebody took it!” She didn’t raise her hand to tell the teacher, and she didn’t ask me or Becky what had happened. She shuffled about inside her desk for a few moments. “Miss Coleman! Stop dawdling and get to work!” We all jumped at Mrs. Friedman’s rasp.

Head down, Allison’s shoulders shook. When she eventually looked up, I saw the shiny path where one single tear had been.
In that moment, I really looked at her. She had always been bigger than the rest of us. Her frizzy brown hair was cut like a boy’s, and sometimes, substitute teachers even referred to her as such. Allison’s clothes were far from in style. While second grade girls knew how cool it was to wear slip-on Keds, she was always stuck wearing dirty white Reeboks. Today had been the first time I’d ever heard her mention her mother. I wondered whom else she lived with, at home.

A wave of nausea crept over me. I felt the crayon burning in my hand, and that heat traveled up my arms, shoulders, and neck. My cheeks burned with the shame of what I had done. Mrs. Friedman would surely know, with just one glance in my direction. And Allison would know, too. The bell rang for lunch. “Line order!” commanded Mrs. Friedman. I hung back, pretending to tie my shoe. I studied each lace as my classmates filed out of the room. When I looked up, the space was silent, big, and empty. I took the crayon out of my desk and looked at it again. It was both beautiful and ugly. The wax had barely any grooves on the surface from Allison’s fingernails. Only one tiny edge was slightly worn down. It had clearly been well-loved. I swallowed. My greediness had turned me into someone I didn’t want to be. Someone that steals, and hurts people. Somebody bad. Head hanging low, I slipped the crayon back to where it belonged, and headed for the cafeteria.

Reflection:

As a result of this course, I've been thinking about literacy in a very different light.  I have been reading new print and non-print texts with a lens for social justice and perspective; and my thoughts have changed significantly regarding texts that I've read before.  Within my reflections over the course of this semester, I have considered the printed texts that were used in my classroom this year.  

I have a passion for teaching writing, and within this practice, I regularly present my own work as a model for my students.  In October, I began a unit on personal narratives.  I used "The Good Girl" to model every step of my writing process.  By the time my students had published their narratives, they had learned mine by heart.  I've read this piece countless times, but when I approached the text again, I began to see possibilities that I hadn't previously considered.  In the story, I refer to James, who is twisting a paper clip in his hands, and sitting in the front row with the rest of the 'bad kids.'  His voice is missing here, and a reader may understand this part to mean, 'boys are bad.'  He's spacing out rather than working, so the reader may perceive this to mean, 'boys aren't smart,' or 'kids who misbehave aren't smart.'  In reality, I probably imagined that James was acting up because he was always considered to be academically gifted; consequently, he often exhibited boredom if he was not challenged enough.  The reader would not know this because James is silenced within the context of the story.  

Even more alarmingly, I realize that this narrative accepts the mainstream notion that stealing is wrong, therefore condemning those who steal to be classified as 'bad.'  Cadence's story in Living Poverty and Literacy Learning by Stephanie Jones resonated with me.  I need to be cognizant of the fact that some, if not many of my students have parents, older siblings, or extended family whom have stolen something at one time or another.  Jones refers to students who are, "forced to judge their own families"(464).  The acceptance of this text may have serious academic and emotional impacts for the reader whose school Discourse is secondary.  This is too big a load for any child to handle.  

I do intend on using this narrative within the course of my future teaching, but in doing so, I will ask my students to consider the following:  

  •  What groups are represented here?
  •  What does the text want us to believe about those groups? 
  •  For whom or where in the story is this belief true?
  •  For whom in the story is this belief not true?
  •  Who benefits from this idea in the story, and in the world? 
  •  What are the alternatives?
References:
Jones, Stephanie; Living Poverty and Literacy Learning:  Sanctioning Topics of Students' Lives.  Language Arts; July 2004

What is Power?

Position
Oppression
Wealth and influence; 
Everyone speaks; Most are
Rarely ever heard.

6.29.2008

Helping our Students Acquire Reading Skills

I am attending the TCRWP Reading Institute this week. I was lucky enough to get into Donna Santman's advanced section, Reading Against the Grain: Teach Readers to Notice Bias, to Entertain a Variety of Perspectives, and to Question. This morning Donna described a time when years ago, she and some other teacher-researchers around the city had their students read from the same selection of books. When they had finished the books, the classes gathered in Central Park to meet in book clubs, have a picnic, and play. I love this story for two reasons. First, because it just sounds FUN. We teach our kids strategies for talking within partnerships and book clubs all year long- but I love this idea because it is really angled towards celebrating the joy of sharing conversation over literature. It's an authentic experience for the children; one that I'm sure those kids have never forgotten.

The other reason why I love this story is because it inspires new ideas for my classroom. I've learned how important it is to bridge the gap between the primary and secondary Discourse of our students. I have to admit that this has been a weakness in my teaching. Wouldn't it be great if we invited family members to join our book clubs? Parents, aunts, uncles, siblings, or cousins might read the same books as our students- and then join us for one or more sessions of club talk. I think kids would love this, and it would rally them around the excitement of sharing, and deepening thinking about texts through meaningful discussion.

A Conversation Between Strangers on the Train

A Rough Transcript:

JaVonna: Is that an iPhone?
Abby: Yeah.
JaVonna: Oh, do you like it?
Abby: Yeah, I do. A lot of people don’t, because they say it’s not compatible with certain email servers, but I don’t have any problems with that. Sometimes it’s a little slow, though.
JaVonna: Is it hard to text?
Abby: No, see- you just touch this and the letters pop up. It’s pretty easy.
JaVonna: But you can’t feel the buttons? I text when I drive, I know I shouldn’t. I’ve got a Razor; I know what the buttons feel like.
Abby: Yeah, that would be dangerous because you really have to look to find the letters. You can’t feel them at all with a touch screen.
JaVonna: Does it come with a stylus? I’m looking for a new phone.
Abby: Umm?
JaVonna: You know, to text with? Isn’t it hard to use if you’ve got long nails? (Shows perfectly manicured, very long, fake nails).
Abby: Oh! I don’t think it comes with that. My nails are usually pretty short, so I’m not sure. But if you’re looking for a new phone, you should check it out, anyway. The new one that’s coming out is supposed to be about half the price and three times as fast as this one.
JaVonna: For real? What do you need for that, AT&T?
Abby: Yeah.
JaVonna: Cool, I’m looking at the Dare- the whole outer face is touch screen, but there’s a keyboard inside, too. It’s got free incoming.
Abby: Cool.
JaVonna: Alright, thanks.
Abby: No problem!


The participants of this dialogue were an African American woman in her mid- to late twenties and myself. I took a seat next to her on the New York City-bound Metro North train from New Haven, Connecticut. I am reading this conversation from the perspective of a North American, middle-class, twenty-eight year old, well-educated, Caucasian woman. Within this reflection, I am critiquing a dialogue of which I contributed to, and in effect, I become both the ‘reader’ and the ‘writer.’ This is a unique viewpoint for me.

After having this conversation with JaVonna, I was struck by the disconnection that I had with her question regarding the stylus. I know what a stylus is, but had no idea as to why a touch-screen cell phone would require one. This bewilderment must have shown on my face, because JaVonna was compelled to explain her question, while showing me her nails. I realize that this moment of confusion was a result of the difference between JaVonna’s Discourse and my own. I get manicures fairly often, but my nails are always kept short and rounded, with one solid color. I believe JaVonna’s nails were ‘wraps,’ or false. They were long and curving downward, with squared tips. I don’t quite remember the hue, but I noticed that each nail had tiny designs painted towards the top. I have always been opposed to having wraps put on my nails; I feel that it would convey an invalid message about my culture. Long nails are not something that I value, or regard as being of high importance; however, JaVonna might have felt marginalized by my response and by the prospect of a cell phone that is marketed without a stylus. If this is something that the Apple Corporation did not consider, then they are excluding quite a large audience for their product. In effect, the company (and my side of the dialogue) empowers most men, as well as women of cultural groups that view very long nails as highly significant.

This leads me to wonder about other passengers on the train, who may have been listening in on our conversation. People who might feel most comfortable engaging within this discourse would probably be of middle- to upper class, or of a socioeconomic status that would allow them to afford a more expensive cell phone. Those excluded from this dialogue may include citizens of underdeveloped countries, or individuals who have not received a higher education. Those who are very knowledgeable and interested in the new technology of cell phones would certainly have a great deal more to contribute to the dialogue than those who don’t, leading me to believe that this conversation also marginalizes senior citizens.

Individuals such as JaVonna, who are knowledgeable within the field of cell phone technology, must truly value instant access to communication. On both sides of the discourse, this notion is portrayed as the norm. The cues that lead me to this belief are the high concern about text messages. While ‘texting,’ one can send and receive messages at almost any given time. JaVonna’s devotion to communicating with friends, family, and work colleagues comes in the way of her own safety: she admits to using the text feature while driving (which is both illegal and dangerous). Instant access to communication is important to many people, but not everyone views it as essential; or have much of a background knowledge of the new science that provides it. I think this may reflect cultural differences, which crosses both generational and socially embedded gaps.

For example, while my eighty-year old grandmother might be interested in looking at new phones to learn what they do, I’m sure that she would feel disconnected while listening to our conversation. My grandmother, and most others who are of her generation, have not used text messaging as a form of literacy. This may be for a variety of reasons, one of which being that text messaging is a relatively new tool for communication. It is a medium for the younger culture. In order to participate within this practice, one must be somewhat dexterous (to accurately press the intended letter buttons), thus making it difficult for citizens of very old generations to use. The lifestyle represented by this dialogue is that of the fast-paced, young, financially successful North American.

Lori's Comments:
I enjoyed your conversation on the train and your textual analysis of it. I wonder about how often we do not even consider how we privilege certain abilities and access to such technology. I now do belong to a group that feels fairly comfortable online and communicating with social networking sites. I just recently had a conversation with a slightly older cousin breaking how a certain social networking site works for her to understand what her kids are doing there.
How would you use such textual analysis of conversations or other texts with your students? How would you have them analyze their assumptions?

Response:
I teach fourth grade, and I think that my students would really benefit from having a shared class experience, which might drive the point that any given text makes assumptions regarding the reader.  I can only imagine how my grandmother may have felt if she were sitting on the train next to me: possibly inadequate, marginalized, or maybe even a bit lonesome within the mindset that everyone else around her is 'in the know.'  Keeping this in mind, I think it would be interesting to script a short reader's theater.  It could be a conversation between two people within a specific context which is unfamiliar to the class.  A few students (or teachers) would 'act out' the dialogue, and then we'd assess our feelings as listeners. 

For example, I might take a dialogue from ER or Grey's Anatomy- it would have to be rich in medical terminology.  I'd ask my students to envision themselves as doctors, and imagine that they will be expected to contribute to the conversation.  The two or three actors would read the text, which would be full of unknown vocabulary and references to things that most people (who are not in the medical profession) have never heard of.  Then I'd ask for volunteers to respond.  I'd most likely receive a room full of raised eyebrows and blank stares.  We could launch this experience into a discussion regarding the assumptions of the text, and how it made the 'readers' feel.  This is an authentic experience that would serve as a good example to support future lessons regarding critical literacy.  

Annotated Book List

The following link will bring you to another blog that I began last year. It is a reference which focuses on literature for older children (mainly grades 3-6), providing a brief synopsis of each text and followed by possibilities for the classroom. I am revising these possibilities, angling them as a guide for reading with a critical lens.

Please take a look at abby'sbookblog
This is a living document- suggestions are welcomed and appreciated!