Showing posts with label Implications for Teaching. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Implications for Teaching. Show all posts

7.01.2008

Reflection: Critical Literacy Finds a "Place": Writing and Social Action in a Low-Income Australian Grade 2/3 Classroom

I was inspired by the progress of the second and third graders in Marg Wells' classroom.  I think it's really important to remember that to ignore a problematic, normalized way of thinking only serves to continue the marginalization of those who have already been oppressed within society.  I loved how Wells initated her literacy and social power unit simply by asking students to draw or write about:
  • the best things in their lives
  • what made them happy, anxious, or angry
  • their three wishes
  • what they might change about their community if they could
  • whether or not they felt they had the power to make a difference
This article is helping me formulate a plan for building social awareness within my classroom.  Throughout the last few weeks, I've been trying to piece together a plan for bringing social action into the classroom.  I think it's important to remember that we need to teach students that they have issues that are hiding in their lives, and this is a tangible way for them to access those issues.  I love the way Wells designed her unit 'on the fly,' uniting her students for one universal cause.  Her students were acquiring knowledge, rather than just receiving it; they were invested within a meaningful, interdisciplinary, real-world learning experience.

This is my plan of action:
  • Ask my students to express their worries.
  • Identify a thematic concern across the class.
  • Provide practical resources for authentic research.
  • Discuss the class findings and the implications for further study.
  • Ask questions; then ask broader questions (move from personal to communal, to global issues).
  • Collect more information, exploring all avenues of social action reform
  • Ask, "Who has power?  Who is silenced?  How does this affect US?"
  • Critically analyze collected data
  • Brainstorm alternative solutions
  • Present solutions to those within the position of power.  
References:
Comber, B. & Thomson, M.  Critical Literacy Finds a "Place":  Writing and Social Action in a Low-Income Australian Grade 2/3 Classroom.  The Elementary School Journal, University Press of Chicago 2001.

25 Read Alouds to Scaffold Critical Literacy

I want to teach my students that any text; print or non-print, can be read with a critical eye.  The following books lend themselves particularly to this goal. For example, The Great Kapok Tree clearly presents Lynne Cherry's perspective on saving the Rainforests, so this may be a good option to use in lessons or small group work with students who are struggling in grasping the concept of reading with an eye for perspective and social issues.   The following list covers a range of perspectives regarding race, class, gender, family, friendship, homelessness, nationalism, animal rights, and environmental issues, among others. 

  1. My Name is Maria Isabel.....Alma Flor Ada
  2. Home of the Brave................Katherine Applegate
  3. Blubber...................................Judy Blume
  4. Freckle Juice.........................Judy Blume
  5. The Wall............................... .Eve Bunting
  6. Your Move.............................Eve Bunting
  7. The Great Kapok Tree.........Lynne Cherry
  8. The Story of Ruby Bridges..Robert Coles
  9. Heartbeat..............................Sharon Creech
  10. Love That Dog......................Sharon Creech
  11. Because of Winn-Dixie........Kate DiCamillo
  12. The Tiger Rising...................Kate DiCamillo
  13. Coraline..................................Neil Gaiman
  14. Just Juice...............................Karen Hesse
  15. Hoot........................................Carl Hiassen
  16. The Giver................................Lois Lowry
  17. Edward's Eyes........................Patricia MacLachlan
  18. Sarah, Plain and Tall.............Patricia MacLachlan
  19. Chicken Sunday.....................Patricia Polacco
  20. Becoming Naomi Leon.........Pam Munoz Ryan
  21. Every Living Thing................Cynthia Rylant
  22. Maniac Magee.................... ....Jerry Spinelli
  23. The Wretched Stone..............Chris Van Allsburg
  24. Little House on the Prairie...Laura Ingalls Wilder
  25. Freedom Summer.................Deborah Wiles

The Good Girl: A Critical Examination of My Own Writing

“Your daughter is so well-behaved.” That’s what people tell my mom. Teachers, babysitters, friends, family members… everyone notices how good I am. I’ve always been the reliable kid; the one that does exactly what she is told to do. But the truth is that in my life, I’ve just always been too good.

Like last week, when I didn’t want to bother the teacher by tattling on Brian Hartley for pinching my arm at recess- even though it left a purple bruise. Or how I don’t want to hurt my grandpa’s feelings by complaining that he buys the wrong kind of peanut butter. My best friend, Becky, ALWAYS bosses me around, but I would never think to tell her off. I was even too good to cry when Mom said we had to give Woofer away, because, “This is now a single-parent household and there’s no time for a dog.” What people never tell you is that sometimes, being good is the pits.

So today, as I sat in the back of Mrs. Friedman’s class, it occurred to me that maybe it doesn’t always pay to be so good.
Gazing around the room, I rested my chin in my hand. I looked up towards the front row of desks, where the bad kids sit. James was twisting a paper clip into a tiny sculpture, hands hidden inside his enormous desk. Mrs. Friedman perched by the blackboard correcting homework: a great eagle guarding over her nest of second graders. I listened to the gentle click of the minute hand on our classroom clock, as dusty October sunlight streamed in through the windows. Becky sighed, to my left. School is boring.

Allison pretended to work on addition and subtraction word problems as she urgently whispered my name. “Abby! Hey, Abby! Look what I’ve got!” I looked towards my right. Dramatically opening her palm, she revealed what she clearly thought to be The World’s Greatest Treasure. “My mom got me this!” She stared down at a rectangular object, her eyelashes creating tiny shadows at the tops of her cheeks. Rooted to my seat, I inspected what seemed to be the largest crayon I had ever seen. It was a thick block of multi-colored wax: perfectly formed for an eight-year old’s fingers.

I imagined what it might be like to draw with it. Mom dropped me off at the YMCA daycare before school each morning, and usually, I was the first kid there. We’d wait outside in her blue Toyota for the building’s lights to come on while it was still dark, getting there early enough so that she could drive to the East Norwalk train station and catch the 7:07 train to Grand Central. What this meant for me, is that I’d be dumped off into a room that smelled of sour milk and graham crackers, with nothing to do but compose pictures and designs on my sketchpad.

I sucked in my breath and dreamed of using this crayon to create the most beautiful arcs and lines: red-orange-green-purple-blue, with one fell swoop. I imagined the pictures that I could send to Dad: rainbow houses, rainbow people, rainbow hearts. “Can I hold it?” Allison shook her head, smugly. No. Becky looked at me. “That’s selfish. You should share,” she quietly scolded. I nodded in agreement. Becky always knew the right thing to say. I watched as she settled back into her seat and crossed her ankles, in way that only she could pull off: showing both pity and disgust for all of us around her. “I said no!” Allison said, more loudly. I looked towards Mrs. Friedman. She sat in a shabby brown chair, red correcting pen in hand. “Allison! If you’re talking so much, you must be finished. Come up here and bring me the work that you’ve done.” Allison lovingly put the crayon away. I watched as she set it inside of her desk. It was on top of a blue spelling workbook, like an island of wax. She gave it one last glance and shuffled up to the teacher’s big metal desk. “No, no… weren’t you listening? When you subtract across zeroes… “

I tried to get back to my word problems.
Michael has 16 baseball cards. Ellen collected 8 baseball cards. How many cards to they have all together?
Visions of the crayon danced before my eyes. I imagined yards and yards of blank white paper. I saw our refrigerator at home, littered with the glorious artwork that could only be created with this one, perfect instrument. I crossed my arms and stared past my desk. Why should Allison be so lucky? What did she need it for? She doesn’t even draw that well. It isn’t fair.
I sighed, thinking about how after school, I’d have to sit in that smelly daycare room with nothing to do but draw. Allison could go home and do whatever she wanted.

Becky’s freckled nose pointed downwards as she diligently worked on her math. Allison’s seat was still empty. The crayon sat in plain view. It gleamed. I’ve never stolen anything before. My heartbeat quickened with just the thought of what I could possibly do. My head bent over a still-unfinished worksheet, I looked up furtively to see if anyone was watching. Becky was right: Allison was selfish indeed. And I was finished with being so good.
I flexed my fingers, and suddenly, I wasn’t afraid. My hand flew inside Allison’s desk. I closed my fingers around the crayon. It felt tacky, still warm from its true owner’s hand. I pulled my arm back to my body. It moved as if underwater, slowly. I stared at the foreign wrist, the forearm. I felt like I was watching myself from miles away. I stared down at the crayon- in another person’s fist, not mine. But it was in my hand, and for one moment, I felt an exhilarated sense of freedom. I’d done something I never thought I could. I stole it. Me! I had wanted something, so I’d taken it, plain and simple, and now, I’d be forever changed.

After what felt like hours, Allison returned. I pretended to be busy with my math problems as I watched her through my eyelashes. She looked inside her desk, and I waited. A beat. Two beats... She didn’t say, “Where’s my crayon?” She didn’t shout, “Somebody took it!” She didn’t raise her hand to tell the teacher, and she didn’t ask me or Becky what had happened. She shuffled about inside her desk for a few moments. “Miss Coleman! Stop dawdling and get to work!” We all jumped at Mrs. Friedman’s rasp.

Head down, Allison’s shoulders shook. When she eventually looked up, I saw the shiny path where one single tear had been.
In that moment, I really looked at her. She had always been bigger than the rest of us. Her frizzy brown hair was cut like a boy’s, and sometimes, substitute teachers even referred to her as such. Allison’s clothes were far from in style. While second grade girls knew how cool it was to wear slip-on Keds, she was always stuck wearing dirty white Reeboks. Today had been the first time I’d ever heard her mention her mother. I wondered whom else she lived with, at home.

A wave of nausea crept over me. I felt the crayon burning in my hand, and that heat traveled up my arms, shoulders, and neck. My cheeks burned with the shame of what I had done. Mrs. Friedman would surely know, with just one glance in my direction. And Allison would know, too. The bell rang for lunch. “Line order!” commanded Mrs. Friedman. I hung back, pretending to tie my shoe. I studied each lace as my classmates filed out of the room. When I looked up, the space was silent, big, and empty. I took the crayon out of my desk and looked at it again. It was both beautiful and ugly. The wax had barely any grooves on the surface from Allison’s fingernails. Only one tiny edge was slightly worn down. It had clearly been well-loved. I swallowed. My greediness had turned me into someone I didn’t want to be. Someone that steals, and hurts people. Somebody bad. Head hanging low, I slipped the crayon back to where it belonged, and headed for the cafeteria.

Reflection:

As a result of this course, I've been thinking about literacy in a very different light.  I have been reading new print and non-print texts with a lens for social justice and perspective; and my thoughts have changed significantly regarding texts that I've read before.  Within my reflections over the course of this semester, I have considered the printed texts that were used in my classroom this year.  

I have a passion for teaching writing, and within this practice, I regularly present my own work as a model for my students.  In October, I began a unit on personal narratives.  I used "The Good Girl" to model every step of my writing process.  By the time my students had published their narratives, they had learned mine by heart.  I've read this piece countless times, but when I approached the text again, I began to see possibilities that I hadn't previously considered.  In the story, I refer to James, who is twisting a paper clip in his hands, and sitting in the front row with the rest of the 'bad kids.'  His voice is missing here, and a reader may understand this part to mean, 'boys are bad.'  He's spacing out rather than working, so the reader may perceive this to mean, 'boys aren't smart,' or 'kids who misbehave aren't smart.'  In reality, I probably imagined that James was acting up because he was always considered to be academically gifted; consequently, he often exhibited boredom if he was not challenged enough.  The reader would not know this because James is silenced within the context of the story.  

Even more alarmingly, I realize that this narrative accepts the mainstream notion that stealing is wrong, therefore condemning those who steal to be classified as 'bad.'  Cadence's story in Living Poverty and Literacy Learning by Stephanie Jones resonated with me.  I need to be cognizant of the fact that some, if not many of my students have parents, older siblings, or extended family whom have stolen something at one time or another.  Jones refers to students who are, "forced to judge their own families"(464).  The acceptance of this text may have serious academic and emotional impacts for the reader whose school Discourse is secondary.  This is too big a load for any child to handle.  

I do intend on using this narrative within the course of my future teaching, but in doing so, I will ask my students to consider the following:  

  •  What groups are represented here?
  •  What does the text want us to believe about those groups? 
  •  For whom or where in the story is this belief true?
  •  For whom in the story is this belief not true?
  •  Who benefits from this idea in the story, and in the world? 
  •  What are the alternatives?
References:
Jones, Stephanie; Living Poverty and Literacy Learning:  Sanctioning Topics of Students' Lives.  Language Arts; July 2004

6.29.2008

Helping our Students Acquire Reading Skills

I am attending the TCRWP Reading Institute this week. I was lucky enough to get into Donna Santman's advanced section, Reading Against the Grain: Teach Readers to Notice Bias, to Entertain a Variety of Perspectives, and to Question. This morning Donna described a time when years ago, she and some other teacher-researchers around the city had their students read from the same selection of books. When they had finished the books, the classes gathered in Central Park to meet in book clubs, have a picnic, and play. I love this story for two reasons. First, because it just sounds FUN. We teach our kids strategies for talking within partnerships and book clubs all year long- but I love this idea because it is really angled towards celebrating the joy of sharing conversation over literature. It's an authentic experience for the children; one that I'm sure those kids have never forgotten.

The other reason why I love this story is because it inspires new ideas for my classroom. I've learned how important it is to bridge the gap between the primary and secondary Discourse of our students. I have to admit that this has been a weakness in my teaching. Wouldn't it be great if we invited family members to join our book clubs? Parents, aunts, uncles, siblings, or cousins might read the same books as our students- and then join us for one or more sessions of club talk. I think kids would love this, and it would rally them around the excitement of sharing, and deepening thinking about texts through meaningful discussion.

Annotated Book List

The following link will bring you to another blog that I began last year. It is a reference which focuses on literature for older children (mainly grades 3-6), providing a brief synopsis of each text and followed by possibilities for the classroom. I am revising these possibilities, angling them as a guide for reading with a critical lens.

Please take a look at abby'sbookblog
This is a living document- suggestions are welcomed and appreciated!

Free Rice

I love words. I love the way new words sound when I first try them out, and eventually get them right. Even better, I love using shiny new words in conversation. It's exciting. My friend Hilary knows how I feel about words. She called me up the other day and simply said, "Go to FreeRice.com. It will suck away hours of your time. You'll probably blame me for your addiction, but go." Completely baffled, I logged onto the site.

FreeRice.com is a vocabulary game. It's simple: one word is offered, and then you must find the synonym within four possible choices. For each word you name correctly, 20 grains of rice are donated to the U.N. World Food Program to help end hunger. This is made possible through the sponsors that advertise on the site (these ads are small, and neither overbearing nor distracting). Upon further investigation, I learned something REALLY neat: the game actually differentiates itself based on the player. You don't click any 'level 1, 2, or 3' buttons. The level of difficulty is adjusted determined upon the number of correct answers. For those of you familiar with Pandora- it's kind of like that. Your own, personal vocabulary tutor. There's even an option to hear the pronunciation of the word, which is great for ELLs or struggling readers.

Furthermore, FreeRice is the sister site to Poverty.com, which among other things, provides a practical approach to ending the poverty cycle created by social injustices; and therefore saving lives. It is an amazing resource.

New words that I've learned this hour:

Protuberant = Bulging
Potentate = Ruler
Hemidemisemiquaver = Sixty-fourth note (This is my new favorite word, but unless you're in the music industry, I imagine it might be a bit difficult to put into use!)

Why Teach Critical Literacy?

Why do we read? Why is it important to read with a critical eye? According to Bomer and Bomer, most people read for aesthetic purposes: the ultimate goal being the search for the next great book. I think it’s crucial that we model, encourage, and guide our students into finding aesthetic pleasure within their reading lives. The purpose of the novel, however, runs deeper than this. One way to view a text is as microcosm of our world, invented to help us examine the social norms dictated to us by society. Because I am a teacher of writing, I know that authors don’t just place any old made up character into some random situation. Each move that we make as writers is for a greater purpose. I tell my students that this is something we need to keep in mind throughout our work as READERS. Whether the author intends on making a point about social justice or not, the critical reader must ask, “What is this text trying to get me to believe about the world, and what are the alternatives?” When we challenge the text with such questions, a complexity that goes beyond our aesthetic responses lays ahead of us. When I was growing up, I remember being told, ‘You can’t believe everything you read.’ On the surface, this proverb may be interpreted as, ‘Sometimes people lie to you.’ Now, I am seeing a deeper meaning. The concept isn’t just that people will sometimes explicitly try to make you believe things that are false. It also encompasses the fact that society marginalizes some groups while giving power to others throughout the subtleties of biased language. If we are to break this cycle, it is of the utmost importance that we impart this knowledge to our students. Reading skills are life skills, and teaching critical literacy is one path we can take to create a society that truly offers equal opportunity to all.

Response to Just Girls

While reading Just Girls by Margaret J. Finders, I am situated as a person who for most purposes, shares a mainstream Discourse, and who has experienced female adolescence; two prominent aspects of this study. My own middle school years in Connecticut were reminiscent of the researcher’s observations: dominated by social divides, and flooded with the artifacts of a literate underlife, hidden from and unsanctioned by adults. According to Finders, “We can hardly cast blame on the social queens, who were doing exactly what we have been training girls to do: to find their place in society largely through romance and commodities”(p.125). Does the institution of junior high school perpetuate gender stereotypes? Based on my personal experiences, in conjunction with those of Angie, Tiffany, and Lauren; I support Finders’ argument that it does. The majority of our media conveys the message to young girls that their value is determined by how physically attractive they are to men. Northern Hills Junior High School, along with my junior high alma mater, seemed to foster what Freire and Macedo refer to as, “a culture of silence,” in which female adolescents were allowed to remain defined by the standards that mainstream media set upon them (p. 159). Furthermore, many of the hidden literate practices (which magnified a sense of self based on sexuality) were forced upon these girls by the context of junior high school. According to Finders, although the adolescents were repeatedly lectured about responsibility and independence, their school days were composed of, “constricted time, movement, and talk” (p.129). It is no wonder that the social queens revolted against these constrictions, studying ‘teen zines which, based on my own critical reading, intend to collectively glorify a limited definition of beauty and appeal as a means of self-worth.

The girls placed themselves into specific social groups, dependent upon their economic resources and the normalized beliefs they were given. Membership within these groups encouraged gender inequities. Many well-known ‘teen’ movies had been released within the relative time period of this study, normalizing high school as a place where attractive teenage girls (as determined by media) belonging to higher socioeconomic groups separated themselves from those with little money, and therefore less opportunity to purchase the commodities that society demanded. Did the teachers at Northern Hills adopt this prevalent concept dictated by pop culture, and therefore inadvertently reinforce those expectations through the language used in the classroom? This question remains unanswered.

Finders also argues that through their own modeling, female teachers only offered the role of nurturer to adolescent girls (p. 123). This rings true. While most of the students, parents and administrators that I have encountered highly value a nurturing teacher, isn’t it more beneficial to drive our students to be passionate about their world? I would hope that my own future children receive instruction from teachers who give them the tools to recognize hidden social injustices and react appropriately, rather than teachers who lead them to believe that ‘everything is O.K.’ As educators, we cannot continue to teach our students to passively accept the limited, and often degrading roles that mainstream society offers them. I believe that simply facilitating classroom discussion around a text is a means by which we establish ourselves more as referees, rather than teachers of literacy. There is no instruction here, and left to fend for themselves, students will at best circulate and regurgitate the biased viewpoints of the author. The solution is to ask guiding questions that help students find the tools needed for higher order thinking, within which girls are given the opportunity to ask themselves where they are positioned as a result of the texts they encounter. Female teachers, based on their gender, magnify the role of nurturer through limited instruction; however, aren’t male teachers just as likely to make the same mistake? After reading Just Girls, I was left wondering whether the dynamics of the of the classroom setting changed for girls who received language arts instruction from males. If a man demonstrates to students that he is ‘nurturing,’ how do boys receive this message, and how does this affect the shifting selves of adolescent girls in terms of classroom interactions?

I’m not certain it’s fair for Finders to make the generalization that boys were taught, “the role of girls is to serve them,” therefore making them the more powerful of the sexes (p.125). The perspectives privileged within Just Girls are those of the tough cookies, the social queens, and a relatively small number of teachers and parents. In class recently, after the group presentation based on the work by Taylor, Lori remarked, “the researcher can’t be everywhere.” Among the voices marginalized within Finders’ text are those belonging to adolescent boys. A focus on their perspectives may have revealed alternative truths regarding the manner in which stereotypes within the classroom are cultivated, or which social groups are victimized by them. For example, rather than assuming a role of power over girls, the boys within this study (many of whom demonstrated a competitive nature within their yearbook signings) may have been subordinated based on their failure to ‘win,’ academically, athletically, or romantically; but this avenue was not explored.

Regardless of this, I am well aware of the obstacles that women alone must face, and am deeply disturbed by the concept that these social injustices actually gain momentum within the classroom as a result of the instruction by teachers who may only have the best of intentions. Reflecting upon my past five years of teaching, it saddens me to realize that I have not always effectively guided my upper elementary-aged students to challenge gender biases presented within their texts. How many other educators have disregarded the teaching of critical literacy in the moments that children need it the most?

Along the lines of Macedo and Freire’s movement for an emancipatory pedagogy (p.159), Finders advocates for classroom discussion that breaks the silence regarding topics of difficulty and dissent (p.126). Keeping in mind that Just Girls was published over ten years ago, I wonder how modern technology might motivate this kind of dialogue. I personally have felt much more comfortable sharing my thoughts and ideas in small groups and on our course blog throughout this semester, rather than within a whole group forum. Considering the insecurities that adolescent girls must grapple with as a result of the roles cast upon them, I think a web-based discussion group maintained by the classroom teacher might drive our students to ‘speak.’ This also leads me to presume that the dynamics of girls’ hidden literacies have changed drastically, in the era of MySpace, Facebook, and text messaging. Now girls have access to creating and receiving instant digital ‘notes’ and ‘graffiti.’ Has this heightened the problem? Or has it provided a space for all students to express themselves, therefore erasing social divides?

This sort of discussion, enabling students to cross standardized boundaries, is a stark contrast to the teacher preparatory instruction that I received six years ago from a Masters’ program. This celebrated the ‘positive learning environment,’ within which the teacher facilitates discussions to promote the impression of comfort and safety for all students. In my own practice, I am learning that sometimes, discussion should be uncomfortable. It should move our children forward in the realization that while we live in a place that claims equal opportunity for all, we regularly encounter a variety of texts, which incessantly push some of us down while raising others up. This critical literacy needs to be taught beginning at even the earliest stages of education, therefore providing adolescents an innate sense of perspective, which will serve to protect them against the dangers of controlled self-perception.




References

Finders, M. J. (1997). Just Girls: Hidden Literacies and Life in Junior High. New York, NY . Teachers College Press.

Freire, P. & Macedo, D. (1987). Literacy: Reading the Word and the World. Westport, CT. Greenwood Publishing Group.

What Motivates Your Students to Read?

My fourth graders and I were in the library recently, when I spotted one of my favorite books on display: The Invention of Hugo Cabret by Brian Selznick. It’s a huge, thick book that none of my students ever picked up, probably based on its overwhelming size. It isn’t too long of a read, though, because half of the story is told by illustration. I grabbed the book and sat down at a table, lost in the story. One of my girls (an advanced ELL who claims not to love reading) sat down beside me, curious. She took out the book from the library, and had finished it within three days. The book traveled with her almost everywhere throughout the school, she even read while walking through the hallways. Her devotion intrigued some of my other students- and before she was finished, there was a ‘line’ for who would read it next.

I think that there were a few motivating forces here… in class yesterday, someone made a comment about how amazed students are when they see that teachers have reading lives, too. I agree, and think that this is particularly important for elementary-aged students, possibly of a non-mainstream Discourse, who may not realize that reading isn’t just ’school work.’ Peer influence is also a major motivation. I’m reading Eat, Pray, Love right now, which I originally had no interest in- but wanted to see what all the fuss was about! Based on word-of-mouth, my students inadvertently began their own book club. Lastly, I think the “coolness” factor of the book drove that group of students to read it. The thickness of the text makes it look more advanced than it actually is, and my students had an air of accomplishment when they each had finished it.

On a somewhat unrelated note, I’ve had some trouble with one ELL student in particular this year. Even though I've conferred with him about picking a just right book, he continues to chose texts based on their thickness- even though they are way too advanced (like Eragon or Harry Potter). Although he can decode fairly well, the meanings to many of the words are lost to him. I think he does’t want to be seen reading books that are on his level. Has anyone else had this problem?